About 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with (lots) of water. 2. The specific heat is obtained in thermodynamics when the volume of heat per unit mass/area raises the temperature by 1°C (Celsius). In addition, we will discuss specific heat, specific heat formula, its derivation and solved examples in this topic. Molar heat capacity is the heat capacity of the object divided by the moles of the molecule. A question can ask for either one of these or both. I have been a science teacher in an urban School District for 7 years. Types of heat capacity or molar heat capacity . 1.00 cal = 4.184 J Specific Heat (c s): The quantity of heat liberated or absorbed when the temperature of 1.00 gram of a substance falls or rises 1.00 C. Specific heat … The frequency spectrum was used to quantify the specific heat at low temperatures for the Au nanoparticles, displaying small variations with size and shape. Explore why the resulting temperature changes are different for the three metals. A question can ask for either one of these or both. Specific heat and thermodynamics are used extensively in chemistry, nuclear engineering, and aerodynamics, as well as in everyday life in the radiator and cooling system of a car. A copper calorimeter can with mass 0.100 kg contains 0.160 kg of water and 1.80×10−2 kg of ice in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. Reference: 1. PhD. Specific heat capacity depends only on the kind of substance absorbing or releasing heat. The changes in solar energy between day and night go largely into the oceans, and because of water’s high specific heat, this does not lead to … Specific Heat Capacity. What is the minimum mass of ice required to cool 325 g of water from 30.5 °C to 4.0 °C? qmetal = -qH2O Specific heat capacity depends only on the kind of substance absorbing or releasing heat. The Molar specific heat of a solid or liquid of a material is the heat that you provide to raise the temperature of one mole of solid or liquid through 1K or 1° C. We represent it as C. Its unit is J mol-1K-1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. “Specific Heat Capacity in Chemistry.” It is an intensive property—the type, but not the amount, of the substance is all that matters. All substances have different specific heat capacities, and these capacities can also vary depending on the state a substance is in. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements (typically of heat or specific heat capacity) is called calorimetry. Specific Heat Capacity. She has an amazing talent for explaining the most difficult concepts in very easy-to-understand terms. 2) Multiply the moles by ∆H (heat of combustion). Furthermore, the specific heat … This text will use J/g°C for specific heat. Chemistry Lab 1212 Dr. Witten 19 November 2019 Specific Heat Lab Introduction This experiment observes measurements of heat energy, specifically when a substance’s heat (copper metal and glass) is transferred, gained and lost, with water and the specific heat of that substance. Chemistry-1 Lab: Specific Heat Page 2 Procedure: 1. in Chemistry, University of Connecticut. Q. Specific heat (s) is a particular type of heat capacity.Specific heat is the thermodynamic property, which states the amount of heat required for a single unit of mass of a substance to be raised by one degree of temperature. Specific heat Phase changes Challenge Quizzes Phase transitions: Level 2-4 Challenges Specific heat . Specific heat capacity tutorial. The symbol for specific heat is c p, with the p subscript referring to the fact that specific heats are measured at constant pressure. Negative Specific Heat in Astronomy, Physics and Chemistry Lynden-Bell, D. Abstract. 1.00 cal = 4.184 J Specific Heat (s): The quantity of heat liberated or absorbed when the temperature of 1.00 gram of a substance falls or rises 1.00°C. in Physical Chemistry, UC Berkeley B.S. Chemistry in a cup of coffee: Adapting an online lab module for teaching specific heat capacity of beverages to health sciences students during the COVID pandemic Biochem Mol Biol Educ . In SI units, specific heat (symbol: c) is the amount of heat in joules required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 Kelvin. This specific heat capacity would be used in q=mCdeltaT which is a temperature change and not a phase change. It is given by : C=(q/∆T) Specific heat capacity: It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of substance (1g) through one degree Celsius. Specific Heat: Chemistry Maze. It is an intensive property—the type, but not the amount, of the substance is all that matters. The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g•°C. A substantial number of upper-level science students and practicing physical science teachers demonstrate confusion about thermal equilibrium, heat transfer, heat capacity, and specific heat capacity. Start studying Chemistry 4.05 Quiz: Specific Heat Cheat Sheet. If the temperature change is t when a heat quantity Q is applied to an object of mass m, the specific heat C of the object can be expressed. # specific heats of element's# The specific heat is the amount of heat per units mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius Elements specific heats (jg-¹k-¹) H(H2) 14.304 He 5.193 Li 3.582 Be 1.825 B 1.026 C 0.709 Specific Heat. q = amount of heat (J) m = mass (grams) c = specific heat (J/g°C) ΔT = change in temperature (°C) 2. 125 mL of H2O is initially at room temperature (22 C). 1.00 cal 4.184 J Specific Heat (c) The quantity of heat liberated or absorbed when the temperature of 1.00 gram of a substance falls or rises 1.00°C. Scroll down the page for more examples and solutions on how to use the formula. The relatively high specific heat of water has important ramifications for us, biologically. For example the specific heat capacity of liquid water will be different from the specific heat capacity of solid water (ice). 3.“Specific heat” is more suitable for use in theoretical and experimental functions. If the moles were doubled, the energy released will be doubled. Thermochemistry #2 Chemistry 3202 Name: Specific Heat Capacity (c) • the quantity of energy , in Joules (J), needed to change the temperature of one gram (g) of a substance by one degree Celsius (/C). A hypothesis is formed "If the density and specific heat of an unknown metal was determi ned, then the metal could be identified". The answer key is detailed, showing all the steps This is measured in Jkg-1 K-1. Q. Specific Heat Worksheet Name (in ink): C = q/mAT, where q = heat energy, m = mass, and T = temperature Remember, AT = (Tfinal — Tinitial). Internal energy Heat and temperature What heat means in thermodynamics, and how we can calculate heat using the heat capacity. An unknown metal is thought to be aluminum. The temperature of the water rises from 20.1 ºC to 22.6 ºC. Chemistry Student Period 1 9-5-2013 Experiment 15: Specific Heat of a Metal Purpose: To determine the specific heat of a substance. Specific Heat Chemistry? Specific heat represents the amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius. The specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature one degree Celsius of 1 gram of a substance. Honors Chemistry Worksheet – Specific Heat. 1. The specific heat of aluminum is 0.900 J/g"°C, the specific heat of air is 1.01 J/g °C and the specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g °C Identify the correct statement. Median response time is 34 minutes for paid subscribers and may be longer for promotional offers. The measurement of heat changes involves knowing specific heat, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gram of a substance by 1° C. This can be used to determine heat capacity, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1° C. m= mass (in grams) s= specific heat. In this lab, students use a fast response temperature sensor to determine the identity of an unknown metal by calculating the specific heat of the metal and comparing it to a list of known values. The units of specific heat are usually calories or joules per gram per Celsius degree. The following diagram gives the formula for specific heat capacity. 125 mL of H2O is initially at room temperature (22 C). If we use the metric system, the specific heat is the amount of heat that’s needed for a sample which weighs 1 kg to elevate its temperature by 1K. In the process, 3050J of heat are absorbed. Specific heat capacity of water is 1 cal g-1 K-1 or 4.18 J g-1 K-1. In a typical chemistry class or book, they organize these specific heat capacities into a table. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise one gram of the substance by one degree Celsius. Specific Heat. Material Properties - Material properties for gases, fluids and solids - densities, specific heats, viscosities and more ; Thermodynamics - Effects of work, heat and energy on systems; Related Documents . Molar Specific Heat. Explore why the resulting temperature changes are different for the three metals. A piece of hot hafnium weighing 15.6 g at a temperature of 160.0 degrees celsius is dropped into 125 g of ethanol that has an initial temperature of 20.0 degrees celsius. Whether you have laptops, iPads, chromebooks, or BYOD, your favorite PhET sims are always right at your fingertips.Become part of our mission today, and transform the learning experiences of … Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to a given mass of a material to produce a unit change in its temperature. The bomb had a heat capacity of 923 J/C, and the calorimeter contained 815 grams of water Calculate the heat evolved as the sulfur burned: Calculate the heat per mole of SO2 formed in the course of the reaction S(s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) This is expressed mathematically as: #q = m * c * DeltaT#, where #q# - the amount of heat supplied; #m# - the mass of the substance; #c# - the respective substance's specific heat; #DeltaT# - the change in temperature. The symbol for specific heat is C. Specific heat capacity of ice, 2.03 J/g*C, would be used when trying to find the heat needed to bring up the temperature of the ice before it melts. … Heat capacity: It is defined as amount of heat required to raise the temperature of substance by one degree Celsius. Since most specific heats are known, they can be used to determine the final temperature attained by a substance when it is either heated or cooled. [Grade 10 Chemistry: Specific Heat] How to calculate mass from specific heat? 2) Solution to (b): q = 648.52 J. Specific Heat. q =(C x ∆t x m) For example; Q: A piece of iron requires 6.70 J of heat to raise the temperature by one degree celcius. The key difference between heat capacity and specific heat is that heat capacity is dependent on the amount of substance while specific heat capacity is independent of it. 1.“Heat capacity” is an extensive variable while “specific heat” is an intensive variable. Specific Heat Calculations. Q: 4.Discussed the Purposed of the Golden rules in the practice of Forensic Chrmistry. For ethanol- heat of combustion = -1367 kJ/mol Molar mass= 46.0 g/mol Heat of combustion per gram = -1367/46.0 = -29.7 kJ/g Specific heat example: •Calculate the energy required to heat 120mL of water for a cup of coffee to boiling point if the initial water temperatuer is 20.0°C. Specific Heat Formula Practice Problems 7 original specific heat problems where students are tasked with solving for all variables in Q = mc∆T. A sample of mercury is heated from 25.5 °C to 52.5 °C. Calculate the specific heat of iridium. A 15.75-g piece of iron sorbs 1086.75 joules of heat … 1 Answer. 1. is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 C. is represented by the equation, where ΔT = the change in temperature. A Thermodynamic equation of specific Heat was applied, and all recorded values were put in equation and determined the Specific Heat of Solution of Acid-Base Reaction, which was 3.21471 KJ or 3214.72 J. If aluminum’s specific heat is 0.903 J/g∙°C, is the metal aluminum? Answers are provided at the end of the worksheet without units. Specific heat is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a body per unit of mass. Specific Heat Capacity Definition . The specific heat capacities of hafnium and ethanol are 0.146 J/g*K and 2.45 J/g*K respectively. Learn chemistry heat capacity with free interactive flashcards. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Specific heat capacity if a measure of how much heat is needed to raise the temperature of a substance. Our host explains how heat capacity affects the earth's climate, and the students begin an experiment using samples of greenhouse gases. Heat capacity depends on the mass of the object and the chemical composition of the object. But, specific heat is a concept that very few people know about. General Chemistry I Specific Heat 8/4/2018 2Revised Joule (J): Unit of heat most commonly used in the SI system. Specific Heat: the amount of the heat required to raise the temperature of a 1 gram of a substance by 1 C. This DOES take into account the mass of a substance. Heat capacity and specific heat are important terms in thermodynamics. This means to heat one gram of water by one degree Celsius, it would require 4.18 joules of energy. Figure out how to find the heat and specific heat capacity in these two common calorimetry examples. More water than that and you’ll never get it to boil. Specific Heat Of Metals Dempseys Chemistry Home Author: community.sciquest.com-2021-05-28T00:00:00+00:01 Subject: Specific Heat Of Metals Dempseys Chemistry Home Keywords: specific, heat, of, metals, dempseys, chemistry, home Created Date: 5/28/2021 4:56:27 PM In this chemistry lab, students will use a simple calorimeter and laboratory balance to determine the specific heat of three known metals and one unknown metal. Specific heat… It is also an example of an extensive property since its value is proportional to the size of the system being examined. specific-heat-of-metals-dempseys-chemistry-home 7/8 Downloaded from www.epls.fsu.edu on May 24, 2021 by guest Users shouldn’t hit the edges with metal specific food, the recipe and the instructions given by those institutions. In Lavelle's example, we calculated the heat capacity of some ethanol to be 49 kJ/C. That is, elements with a large density have a low specific heat value. For example, the small cast iron frying pan has a mass of 808 g. The specific heat of iron (the material used to make the pan) is therefore: Q. Heat Capacity. Another way of looking at it is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree centigrade or one degree Kelvin (1 J/gC = 1 J/gK). Specific heat … Resource type: Visual aid/Display (no rating) 0 reviews. Therefore, the energy released is 48kcal. Age range: 14 - 18. A chilled steel rod at 2 C is placed in the water. Lab # 10: Specific Heat Revised 8/19/2009 2 Joule (J): Unit of heat most commonly used in the SI system. The specific heat (= specific heat capacity) at constant pressure and constant volume processes, and the ratio of specific heats and individual gas constants - R - for some commonly used "ideal gases", are in the table below (approximate values at 68 o F (20 o C) and 14.7 psia (1 atm)).. For conversion of units, use the Specific heat online unit converter. - the negative sign, signifies whether energy is released or absorbed. The specific heat capacities of gases can be measured at constant volume, by enclosing the sample in a rigid container. CHEMISTRY: calorimeter, specific heat? 1) Solution to (a): q = (50.0 g) (3.1 °C) (4.181 J g¯ 1 °C¯ 1) = 648.52 J. I used 50.0 g because the density of water is 1.00 g/mL and I had 50.0 mL of water. The definitions for heat capacity and specific heat capacity may be found here. What mass of mercury was in the sample? 1 Answer SCooke Jan 20, 2017 It will heat/cool more quickly than a high specific heat compound. The specific heat of mercury is 0. If the water level ever drops below 1”, tell the instructor so he/she can add more water to it. The discovery of specific heat sparked the studies of thermodynamics, the study of energy conversion involving heat and the work of a system. Specific heat, the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree. The specific heat capacity of water is 4,200 Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. where, m = mass of the substance, c = specific heat of the substance and Δt = change in temperature. University Chemistry and Physics The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C. Temperature vs. Heat. For example, the small cast iron frying pan has a mass of 808 g. The specific heat of iron (the material used to make the pan) is therefore: 2020 Sep;48(5):528-531. doi: 10.1002/bmb.21439. Gases have two types of specific heat. Specific heat capacity is the heat capacity of the molecule divided by the mass (in grams) of the molecule. The specific heat capacity (C) can be found by using the equation shown above: C = q / (m T) The heat, or the amount of joules of energy that come from a chocolate chip cookie can be found through conversions, using the nutritional information provided under the Nutritional Properties tab. Specific Heat Capacity: Solids , , The virtual experiment is fantastic. A specific heat is the amount of heat or energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. This can be expressed by the following equation:-q 1 = +q 2, recall that q = mCΔT, where m is the mass, C is the specific heat, and ΔT is the temperature change. Varying ranges of specific heat values are seen for substances depending on the extent to which they absorb heat. in the SI system, has units of J/g C. in the metric system, has units of cal/g C. Relevance. Specific Heat Calculations. In thermochemistry, heat changes are measured with calorimeters. Time-saving video on specific heat. We assume all heat absorbed by the water was lost by the metal. Procedure: Record all data in Data Table 1. Specific Heat Capacity Formula: The amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of any substance is given by. Write the formula that can be used to calculate the heat energy being absorbed or released in a system. Specific Heat: Chemistry Thread starter Atropine; Start date Jun 4, 2007; Jun 4, 2007 #1 Atropine. Specific Heat Capacity Unit: Definition of Specific heat capacity revealed that it is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of any substance by 1 kelvin. Choose from 500 different sets of chemistry heat capacity flashcards on Quizlet. Sulfur (2.56 grams) was burned in a calorimeter with excess 02(g) . Specific heat is also known as specific heat capacity or mass specific heat. For example, the small cast iron frying pan has a mass of 808 g. The specific heat of iron (the material used to make the pan) is therefore: Specific Heat Capacity. Specific heat capacity is defined as the exact amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a given substance by 1 Kelvin. Specific Heat Capacities - Chemistry? This means that it takes 4,200 J to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. To start, fill the canner about one fourth of the way with water. If the temperature of an object changes, the heat (Q) added or removed can be found using the equation: where m is the mass, and c is the specific heat capacity, a measure of the heat required to change the temperature of a particular mass by a particular temperature. The heat flows from the warmer sample to the cooler one and the amount fo heat lost by the warmer sample is equal to the amount of heat gained by the cooler sample. Specific Heat of Iridium example problem. acid-base reaction. The heat that is either absorbed or released is measured in joules. Since copper has very low specific heat capacity it requires very little energy to raise its temperature. This lesson relates heat to a change in temperature. This is measured using conservation of energy, using gravitation potential in the inversion tube experiment or electrical potential. Specific heat capacity, c, is the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 K without a change of state. Solution for The specific heat of a substance at constant pressure is defined as the rate of change of with respect to enthalpy, pressure work, pressure heat,… Shows what happens when a water balloon and a regular balloon are held over a fire. Specific heat is a measure of the heat capacity of a substance. Specific heat capacity depends only on the kind of substance absorbing or releasing heat. A specific heat capacity calculator is functioned to deliver the outcomes along with standardized units. We will use the term “calorimetry problem” to refer to any problem in which the objects concerned are thermally isolated from their surroundings. Physical Chemistry Help » Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics » Thermochemistry » Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Example Question #1 : Heat Capacity And Specific Heat What is the specific heat capacity for a 50-gram sample of metal that increases in temperature by 10 degrees celsius when 2000 joules of energy is added? A table is provided that lists common specific heat values, some of which are used in the calculations. Note! ΔTH2O. 2.“Specific heat” has a unit of mass in its equation as recommended by the International Standards of measurement. Where Q is the heat energy required to bring about a temperature change of ΔT and C is the heat capacity of the system under study. Heat capacity, specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity. Chemistry Emily Chu. She’s very detail oriented and goes over every step carefully. Q = mcΔt. 2. Find the specific heat of water: Using the specific heat and antifreeze, explain why the temperatures were so different when equal amounts of liquid was mixed together in each part. Essentially the specific heat trend is the inverse of the density trend. Heat is not the same as temperature, yet … The temperature change in each amount of water is measured and specific heats can be determined. The specific heat of copper is 0.385 J/g °C. Specific heat … So, a high value means that it takes MORE energy to raise (or lower) its temperature. Describe each part of the equation. Consider an aluminium cup with mass 140.0 g 140.0 \text{ g} 1 4 0. = 0.4 moles * 120.00 kcal/mol = 48kcal . Equations Using the mass of the metal, the mass of water in the cooling beaker, and the change in temperature of the water, the specific heat capacity for the metal can be found. Molar heat capacity is the heat capacity of the object divided by the moles of the molecule. On the other hand, measuring the specific heat capacity at constant volume can be prohibitively difficult for liquids and solids, since one often would need impractical pressures in order to prevent the expansion that would be caused by even small increases in temperature. Examples of such substances are: Sucrose, Citric Acid, and Trinitrotoluene. The specific heat of aluminium is 0.902 J/g.K. Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g * degrees C. In this lab, students use a fast response temperature sensor to determine the identity of an unknown metal by calculating the specific heat of the metal and comparing it to a list of known values. How much thermal energy is required to increase the temperature of a 20g sample of copper from 20°C to 50°C? For every 1 g of antifreeze, it takes 2.40 J of energy to raise the temperature 1 °C. Show all work and proper units. Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a mass of substance by 1°C. 1. Chemistry I didn't know if this was high school math or chemistry, but I have a question that tells me to identify the mass from specific heat, joules, and a temperature change. 24.1 KJ is used to heat a piece of aluminium of mass 250 g. What will the final temperature be if its initial temperature is 15.1°C? Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise one gram of any substance one degree Celsius or Kelvin. Ice at 0.0 °C is used to cool water. Emily Chu. If the hot plate you are sharing is not on, turn it on #8. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance per unit of mass.The specific heat capacity of a material is a physical property. Chemistry. Mathematically specific heat is simply the ratio of the heat with the product of the temperature change and the mass of the substance. According to Georgia State University, water has the highest specific heat of any common substance. Typically, it is the amount of heat (joules) required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree (°C). The can should only have about 2” – 2.5” of water in it. Specific Heat. Specific heat is an important concept in Chemistry. Specific Heat Capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1°C (or by 1 K). The specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature one degree Celsius of 1 gram of a substance. Specific heat capacity is the heat capacity of the molecule divided by the mass (in grams) of the molecule. The Materials and Method were the usage of a(n) caliper, electronic scale, calorimeter was used to measure the length, height, width, and mass of … 4.241040462427746 194 reviews. This value also depends on the nature of the chemical bonds in the substance, and its phase. The specific heat of cadmium, a metal, is fairly close to the specific heats of other metals. There are two types of heat capacities : 1)Heat capacity at constant volume (C v) 2)Heat capacity at constant pressure(C p) Heat 250 mL of water in a 400-mL beaker until it is boiling gently. Worksheet- Calculations involving Specific Heat 1. A chilled steel rod at 2 C is placed in the water. The amount of energy is the same. It was seen that as the base was mixed into acid, the temperature of solution was increased to maximum rapidly showing Specific heat capacity or specific heat is the heat required to raise 1g of a substance by 1ºC. An introductory college-level chemistry course that explores topics such as atoms, compounds, and ions; chemical reactions and stoichiometry; ideal gases; chemical equilibrium; acids and bases; kinetics; thermodynamics; redox reactions and electrochemistry; and a whole lot more! Using the Table link, What solid substance has high specific heat? You can search for data on specific compounds in the Chemistry WebBook based on name, chemical formula, CAS registry number, molecular weight, chemical structure, or selected ion energetics and spectral properties. jupiter_8917 Thu, 03/25/2010 - 23:03. Available as part of the Thermochemistry—ChemTopic™ Labs digital collection. the ratio of heat capacity of a substance to the heat capacity of water. Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g * degrees C. The specific heat of antifreeze is 2.40 J/g°C. When two objects are in contact collisions between the particles will transfer energy from the warmer object in the form of heat. 1; C g is the symbol used for specific heat capacity. 5 0. 10. Specific Gravity then becomes an abstract number. Which of the following correctly expresses the units of specific heat capacity? 140 J/g °C. Chemistry is the study of matter and the interactions among different types of matter. Chemistry Sign up Log in Excel in math and science. If the final temperature of the system is 21.1 C, what is the mass of the steel bar? A low value means that it does not take very much energy to heat or cool it. The specific heat of a substance can be used to calculate the temperature change that a given substance will undergo when it is either heated or cooled. The water temperature rises from 20.51 to 24.46 C. Calculate the specific heat of … Solution to this Specific Heat Chemistry practice problem is given in the video below! In particular, we compare the thermal behaviourof the isobaric specific heat of water, measured in different confinement conditions at atmosphericpressure (and evaluated by means of theoretical studies) with its configurational contribution obtainedfrom the values of the measured self-diffusion coefficient through the use of the Adam-Gibbsapproach. The specific heat of a substance can be used to calculate the temperature change that a given substance will undergo when it is either heated or cooled. The temperature increased from 21.25C to 26.72C. Also, we use specific heat to raise the temperature of an object by degree. The specific heat capacity at constant volume and the specific heat capacity at constant pressure are intensive properties defined for pure, simple …
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